|
Pulse width modulation is one way of shying away from tackling thermal runaway. So is current dumping.
Whatever the pulse rate, it always produces noise. Take charge-pulse DC to DC converters as an example. For audio, it has to be above our hearing, so if generating a 9V rail from a 5V rail (as in the Voyager), a low rate can be heard as a high pitched whistle, so we take it beyond the audible range.
However, once it becomes a fundamental part of the audio signal, which will be 'inconveniently' subjected to transients, you have a variable and choppy interference generator. Left without output filtering, it will transmit via the speakers and cables as interference. To remove as much as possible, magnetics (ferrite cored inductors) are used to filter the HF noise. They can only go so far, and there will always be a residue. However, the interference remains inside the amplifier circuit (and power supply) and must result in some signal deterioration.
Like aliasing distortion, sum and difference frequencies are inevitable, and although the residue might be in fractions of a volt, domestic listening levels aren't much higher. Beat frequencies occur inside the audible range, which is no part of the original signal and will coincide with elements of the music, leading to fatigue.
Class T reduces fatigue by sweeping the pulse rate up and down within the limits of the magnetic filters to avoid repetitive beat frequencies and reduce listening fatigue.
Nevertheless, there are always beat frequencies (heterodyning), which can never be classed as high fidelity. Class D serves a purpose for arena and stadium sound, where the emphasis is on loud energy, but it isn't high fidelity. For quality public entertainment, a suitably biased class B amp will always produce a better atmosphere and lead to greater audience satisfaction.
Obviously, with no quiescent current flowing in the output stage, class D will consume less energy than class B. However, the pulse generator and comparators consume current of their own unless they can be shut down in 'standby'. If conventionally powered, there will be little comparative energy saving. A switched-mode power supply is required to save idling energy, but there will be little difference in wasted energy between class D and class B when so powered.
With care, class B can be designed not to go into thermal runaway, and in a 100% up-time (always on) design, that's imperative. The 70's amp now idles, consuming about 12 watts per channel with minimal quiescent voltage drift.
------------- That none should be able to park up and enjoy the view without a smartphone and the knowledge in how to use apps
|